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1 from (Newton) 's law
Математика: по закону -
2 from 's law
Математика: (Newton) по закону -
3 закон
муж.law; rule; act, statute юр.вводить закон в действие — to implement a law, to put a law in force
вне закона — without the law, (to be) outlawed
выводить закон — to deduce, to work out a low
закон Божий — (God's) Law; religion (школьный предмет)
объявлять вне закона — to outlaw, to proscribe
преступать закон — to transgress/violate/break the law
свод законов — legal code; statute book; code of laws
сила закона — validity/ force of the law
соблюдать закон — to observe the law, to keep within the law
суровый закон — drastic law/measures
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4 по закону
1) General subject: in conformity with the law, in law, juridically, the law says (...), under law (АД)2) Aviation: as a matter of law (Пример: "Many jurisdictions find that an insurer cannot be responsible as a matter of law for defense costs incurred by the insured before the insured tenders the claim to the insurer.")3) Military: according to the law5) Religion: Juris ("of law", сокр. Jur.), de jure6) Law: legally, by virtue of law, by statute7) Business: by law8) EBRD: by operation of law (автоматически, без необходимости действий со стороны каких-либо лиц), operation of law9) leg.N.P. in accordance with the law, under statute law, under the law, under the statutes10) Makarov: at law, by the law -
5 lege
[from Lat. lege (law)] iz.1.a. ( oro.) law; oinarrizko \legea basic law; hizkuntza-\lege berriak new language laws; \lege berezi special law; \lege berri bat atera to come out with a new law; \lege nagusi main law; \lege saliko Salic law; \lege zuzen just law; \legea {bete || gorde} to comply with a law | to abide by a law | to obey a law; \legea hautsi to break the law; \legea {indargabetu || kendu || ezeztatu} to abolish a law | to abrogate a law; \legea zapaldu to break the law; \legeak {atera || egin} to legislate; \legeak bildu to codify laws; \legeak {ezarri || jarri} to law down the law | to impose laws; \legeak hala agintzen \\ debekatzen du the law so demands \\ prohibits it; indarrean dauden \legeak the laws in force; \legetik riten to break the law | to infringe upon the lawb. ( legegaia) act; \lege bat onartu to pass a lawc. [ izenen aurrean ] law-, legal; \lege-babes legal protection; \lege-balio legal value; \lege-indarra dauka it has the force of law; \lege-jakitunen iritzian in the opinion of legal experts; \lege-nortasun legal identity; \lege testu legal text2.a. ( legetza) law; \lege zahar i. charter law ii. pre-Revolutionary law; Ingalaterrako \legea eta Italiakoa bestelakoak dira English and Italian law are different | English law differs from Italian law; \legearen arabera in accordance with the law | by law; \legearen ordezkari officer of the law; \legera jo to take legal recourse; i-r \legetik askatu to exempt sb from the law; \legera jo to take legal recourse; \legez kanpo i. outside the law | illegal ii. illegally; \legez kanpo dago he's outside the lawb. (esa.) \lege zaharreko gizona da he's an old stick-in-the-mud | he's an old-fashioned man3. ( araua)a. rule, law; joko-\legeak rules of the gameb. ( merkataritzari, trafikoari, lehiaketari d.) rule, regulation; bideetako \legeak road regulationsc. ( gizarteari d.) custom, rule, practice; ohitura \lege bihurtzen denean when practice becomes customd. (irud.) ezinak ez du \legerik nothing is impossible4. ( egunerokoari d.) routine; bazkari-\legea egin dugu we've had our lunch; zozoak goizero bere saio-\legea du the thrush puts on its usual performance every morning5. ( egitateei d.)a. Fis. law; fisikaren \legeak the laws of physics; Newton-en \legeak Newton's laws; \lege bat aurkitu zen a law was discoveredb. law; \lege moral moral law; etika \lege law of ethicsc. Kristau. Jainkoaren \lege santua God's holy law; Jaunak Hamar Aginteen \legea eman zuenean when the Lord give the law of the Ten Commandments; Moisesen \legeea the law of Moses6. Kristau. L\lege Zaharra the Old Testament7. ( maitasarrea) affection; \lege handia hartu diot I've grown rather fond of him | I've taken rather a liking to him8. ( mota) kind; hiru \lege sagar three kinds of apples9. ( metaleei d.) purity, legal standard of fineness; \lege oneko urre standard gold; \lege txarreko urre base gold | substandard gold; \lege urruko disreputable -
6 praw|o
Ⅰ n 1. sgt (ogół przepisów) law- prawo nowożytne modern law- prawo polskie/francuskie Polish/French law- reguły a. normy prawa legal norms a. principles- rządy prawa the rule of law- zgodnie z prawem in accordance with a. according to the law- zgodnie z polskim prawem under Polish law- zgodnie z duchem i literą prawa in accordance with the spirit and the letter of the law- wbrew prawu against the law, contrary to the law- stosować się do przepisów prawa to abide by a. obey the law- złamać prawo to break the law- być niezgodnym z prawem a. wbrew prawu to be against the law- uznać przerywanie ciąży za niezgodne z prawem to criminalize abortion- działać w granicach prawa/niezgodnie z prawem to operate within/outside the law- stać ponad prawem to be above the law- wejść w konflikt z prawem to fall foul of a. to come into conflict with the law- wyjąć kogoś spod prawa Hist. to outlaw sb- człowiek wyjęty spod prawa Hist. an outlaw- w imieniu prawa in the name of the law- w obliczu prawa in the eyes of the law- nieznajomość prawa nie zwalnia od odpowiedzialności ignorance of the law is no excuse a. defence, ignorance is no defence- prawo drakońskie Hist. Draconian law2. (norma prawna, ustawa) law; (zapisana) statute- zbiór praw a legal code a. code of laws- system praw a system of law, a legal system- uchwalać a. stanowić prawa to enact a. make laws- uchwalić prawo to pass a. adopt a law- uchylić prawo to revoke a. rescind a law książk.- prawo o spółdzielczości/środkach masowego przekazu a law on the cooperative movement/on the mass media- nowe prawo wchodzi w życie a. obowiązuje od 1 maja the new law comes into effect on a. applies as of 1 May- prawo o stowarzyszeniach wygasa a. traci moc 31 grudnia the law on association lapses on a. as of 31 December3. sgt (nauka) law- wydział prawa a law faculty- student/studentka prawa a law student- studiować prawo to study a. read law- ukończyć prawo to graduate in law4. (uprawnienie) right (do czegoś to sth); entitlement książk. (do czegoś to sth); eligibility U (do czegoś for sth)- prawa człowieka/zwierząt human/animal rights- działacz/kampania na rzecz obrony praw zwierząt an animal rights activist/campaign- prawa kobiet women’s rights- prawa publiczne/obywatelskie public/civil rights- prawa małżeńskie/rodzicielskie marital/parental rights- prawa i obowiązki obywatela civil rights and duties- prawo własności proprietorship, ownership- prawa spadkowe inheritance rights- prawa miejskie a (town/city) charter- nadać/odebrać prawa miejskie to grant/revoke a town/city charter- uczestniczyć w zebraniu bez prawa głosu to take part in a meeting without the right to vote- prawo pierwszeństwa przejazdu the right of way- równe prawa equal rights- prawo do emerytury pension rights- prawo do pracy/do strajku the right to work/to strike- mieć prawo do corocznego urlopu/do emerytury to be entitled to annual leave/to a retirement pension- mieć prawa do książki to have a. hold the copyright on a. in a. for a book- mieć prawo do ekranizacji powieści to own the film rights to a novel- mieć prawo coś zrobić to have the right a. to be entitled to do sth- ona nie ma prawa tak cię traktować she has no right to treat you like that- masz pełne prawo odmówić you have every right to refuse- kto ci dał prawo mnie krytykować? what gives a. who gave you the right to criticize me?- rościć/zastrzec sobie prawo do czegoś to claim/reserve the right to sth- nabyć/utracić prawo do czegoś to gain a. acquire/lose the right to sth- zrzec się prawa do czegoś to relinquish a. renounce one’s right to sth książk.- przyznać komuś prawo do czegoś to grant sb the right to sth- odmówić komuś prawa do czegoś to deny sb the right to sth- pozbawić kogoś prawa wykonywania zawodu to deprive sb of the right to practise their profession, to ban sb from practising a profession- upominać się o swoje prawa a. dochodzić swoich praw to demand a. claim one’s rights- jakim prawem? by what right?- jakim prawem wtrącasz się w moje sprawy? who gave you the right to interfere in my affairs?- wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone all rights reserved- wywiad publikowany na prawach wyłączności an exclusive interview- na równych prawach on equal terms- ona jest tu na prawach domownika she’s treated here as one of the family- prawo łaski the prerogative of mercy- skorzystać z prawa łaski to pardon, to be pardoned5. Aut. prawo jazdy driving licence GB; driver’s license US- zdawać/zdać egzamin na prawo jazdy to take/pass one’s driving test- chodzić na kurs prawa jazdy to take driving lessons6. (zasada, prawidłowość) law, principle- prawa naturalne/ekonomiczne/społeczne natural/economic/social laws- prawa fizyczne/natury the laws of physics/nature- odkryć/sformułować prawo to formulate a law a. principle- podlegać prawom materii/przyrody to be subject to the laws of matter/natureⅡ adv. 1. na a. w prawo (w prawą stronę) to the right; (po prawej stronie) on a. to the right- na prawo od budynku jest sad to the right of the building there’s an orchard- na prawo jest a. widzicie ratusz to a. on your right is a. you can see the town hall- iść/skręcić w prawo a. na prawo to go/turn right- skręć w pierwszą (ulicę) w prawo take the first (street to the) right- na prawo patrz! Wojsk. eyes right!- szastał pieniędzmi na prawo i lewo he was spending money right, left and centre pot.- w prawo i w lewo (na wszystkie sposoby) in every possible way2. pot. (w polityce) pójść na prawo to veer to the right- zwrot na prawo a turn to the right- być na prawo od kogoś to be to the right of sb- być na prawo od centrum to be right of centreⅢ z prawa pot. (po prawej stronie) from the right- z prawa rozciągały się pola to the right, there were fields- z prawa i z lewa from all sidesⅣ prawo- w wyrazach złożonych 1. (odnoszący się do strony) right- 2. (dotyczący prawa) law-- □ prawa kardynalne Hist. cardinal laws- prawo administracyjne administrative law- prawo autorskie copyright law- prawo biogenetyczne recapitulation theory; Biol. palingenesis- prawo bliższości Hist., Prawo (the right of) primogeniture- prawo budowlane building code- prawo chełmińskie Hist., Prawo Chełm Law (a charter defining terms under which Polish towns were incorporated, modelled on the Magdeburg Law)- prawo ciążenia Newtona Fiz. Newton’s law of gravitation- prawo cywilne civil law- prawo doraźne Prawo summary justice- prawo finansowe a. skarbowe revenue law- prawo handlowe commercial a. trade law- prawo kanoniczne a. kościelne canon a. church a. ecclesiastical law- prawo karne Prawo criminal law- prawo karne wykonawcze penal law- prawo karne skarbowe penal revenue law- prawo lokalowe housing law- prawo łowieckie game laws- miasto na prawie magdeburskim a town chartered according to the Magdeburg law- prawo mennicze Hist. minting rights- prawo międzynarodowe international law- prawo Murphy’ego Murphy’s a. Sod’s pot., żart. Law- prawo obywatelstwa right of citizenship- prawo państwowe constitutional law- prawo Parkinsona Parkinson’s law- prawo pracy labour legislation, employment legislation- prawo prasowe press legislation- prawo probiercze assay law- prawo procesowe adjective a. procedural law- prawo rodzinne family law- prawo rzymskie Roman law- prawo wartości Ekon. the law of value- prawo wojenne law of war- prawo wyborcze electoral a. election law- bierne prawo wyborcze eligibility to stand for election, right to be elected- czynne prawo wyborcze voting rights, suffrage, franchise- powszechne prawo wyborcze universal suffrage a. a universal franchise- prawo wyborcze dla kobiet women’s suffrage- prawo zwyczajowe common law, custom- albo w prawo, albo w lewo you can’t have your cake and eat itThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > praw|o
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7 выводить закон
•Kepler's three laws could be deduced from Newton's theory of gravitation.
•Rutherford worked out the mathematical law describing how one point of electric charge would be scattered by another point charge.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > выводить закон
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8 выводить закон
•Kepler's three laws could be deduced from Newton's theory of gravitation.
•Rutherford worked out the mathematical law describing how one point of electric charge would be scattered by another point charge.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > выводить закон
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9 формула
law, theorem* * *фо́рмула ж.1. formula (мн. formulae)в ви́де фо́рмул — by formulaeизображе́ние полинуклеоти́дных цепо́чек в ви́де фо́рмул о́чень громо́здко — the representation of polynucleotide chains by formulae is clumsyвходи́ть в фо́рмулу — enter into [in] a formula, enter a formulaвыводи́ть фо́рмулу — derive [develop, deduce] a formulaпо фо́рмуле — by formula, from the formulaфо́рмула примени́ма к x — x can be handled by (such and such) formula [equation]2. (состав, напр. удобрения) formulationасимптоти́ческая фо́рмула — asymptotic formulaбарометри́ческая фо́рмула — barometric height formulaфо́рмула Бе́йеса т. над. — Bayes' formulaфо́рмула Берну́лли ( в теории вероятностей) — Bernoulli distributionфо́рмула бино́ма Нью́тона — binomial formulaфо́рмула Вайцзе́ккера яд. физ. — Weizsacker's formulaвалова́я фо́рмула — molecular formulaфо́рмула Га́усса — Gauss formulaфо́рмула де Бро́йля ( в квантовой механике) — de Broglie relation, de Broglie equationинтерполяцио́нная фо́рмула — interpolation formulaфо́рмула интерполяцио́нная, Бе́сселя — Bessel's interpolation formulaфо́рмула интерполяцио́нная, Лагра́нжа — Lagrange's interpolation formulaфо́рмула интерполяцио́нная, Нью́тона — Newton's interpolation formulaфо́рмула интерполяцио́нная, Нью́тона, обра́тная — Newton's backward interpolation formulaфо́рмула интерполяцио́нная, Нью́тона, пряма́я — Newton's forward interpolation formulaисхо́дная фо́рмула — assumption formulaитерацио́нная фо́рмула — iterative formulaквадрату́рная фо́рмула — quadrature formulaколё́сная фо́рмула ж.-д. — wheel arrangementфо́рмула корне́й квадра́тного уравне́ния — quadratic formulaфо́рмула мо́щности — horse-power formulaфо́рмула обра́тного перехо́да — reverse formulaфо́рмула обра́тного преобразова́ния — inversion formulaо́пытная фо́рмула — empirical [experimental] formulaосновна́я фо́рмула — basic formulaфо́рмула оце́нки стат. — estimatorфо́рмула Пла́нка физ. — Planck radiation formula, Planck distribution lawфо́рмула подо́бия для турби́н — law of proportionality for homologous turbinesфо́рмула разме́рности — dimensional formulaфо́рмула расчё́та несу́щей спосо́бности сва́и — pile capacity formulaфо́рмула расчё́та сопротивле́ния сва́и — pile driving formulaрасчё́тная фо́рмула — design formulaрекурре́нтная фо́рмула — recurrence formulaрекурси́вная фо́рмула — recursion formulaстехиометри́ческая фо́рмула — stoichiometric formulaфо́рмула строе́ния физ. — atomic formulaструкту́рная фо́рмула — structural [constitutional] formulaфо́рмула сумми́рования — summation formulaто́чная фо́рмула — exact formulaфо́рмула Френе́ля — Fresnel's (reflection) formulaхими́ческая фо́рмула — chemical formulaхими́ческая, структу́рная фо́рмула — structural [constitutional] chemical formulaхими́ческая, эмпири́ческая фо́рмула — empirical chemical formulaцепна́я фо́рмула — chain formulaфо́рмула Эйнште́йна для фотоэффе́кта — Einstein photoelectric equation -
10 stand
1. intransitive verb,1) stehenwe stood talking — wir standen da und unterhielten uns
2) (have height)he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch
3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)4) (hold good) bestehen bleibenmy offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor
5) (find oneself, be)as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen
the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht
I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin
stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen
stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren
stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren
7)8) (place oneself) sich stellenstand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen
[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen
9) (be likely)2. transitive verb,stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
1) (set in position) stellenstand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen
2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus
I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen
he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen
I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also academic.ru/75052/time">time 1. 1)
3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen
4) (buy)3. nounstand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
1) (support) Ständer, der3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die4) (resistance) Widerstand, dertake or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)
5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, derPhrasal Verbs:- stand by- stand in- stand up* * *[stænd] 1. past tense, past participle - stood; verb1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen2. noun1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand•- take the stand- standing 3. noun1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand•- stand-by4. adjective((of an airline passenger or ticket) costing or paying less than the usual fare, as the passenger does not book a seat for a particular flight, but waits for the first available seat.) stand-by5. adverb(travelling in this way: It costs a lot less to travel stand-by.) stand-by- stand-in- standing-room
- make someone's hair stand on end
- stand aside
- stand back
- stand by
- stand down
- stand fast/firm
- stand for
- stand in
- stand on one's own two feet
- stand on one's own feet
- stand out
- stand over
- stand up for
- stand up to* * *[stænd]I. NOUNto take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellenwhat's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigento take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertretenI had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchento bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten gehmusic/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer mcandy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand mtaxi \stand Taxistand mone-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam10. AM LAW▪ the \stand der Zeugenstandto take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen12. (group of plants)\stand of clover Büschel nt Klee\stand of trees Baumgruppe f<stood, stood>1. (be upright) stehen\stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand\stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus\stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells\stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache haltenhe felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behaltento \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machento \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetretento \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehento \stand motionless regungslos dastehento \stand still stillstehenhe \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß4. (be located) liegenan old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hüttethe train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehento \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]to \stand open offen stehen5. (have a viewpoint)from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragenhow do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen seinto \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] seinto \stand empty [or idle] leer stehento \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein\stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschlussto \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehento \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt seinI \stand corrected ich muss mich korrigieren [o gebe meinen Fehler zu]to \stand to gain [or win] /lose sth wahrscheinlich etw gewinnen/verlieren7. (separate from)▪ to \stand between sb/sth zwischen jdm/etw stehenthe handouts he got from his parents were all that stood between Dan and destitution es waren allein die Zuwendungen, die Dan von seinen Eltern erhielt, was ihn vor völliger Mittellosigkeit bewahrte8. (remain valid) gelten, Bestand habendoes that still \stand? ist das noch gültig?, gilt das noch?his work still \stands as one of the greatest advances in medical theory seine Arbeit gilt immer noch als eine der größten Leistungen in der MedizinNewtonian mechanics stood for over two hundred years die Newton'sche Mechanik galt zweihundert Jahre lang unangefochtento \stand for election sich akk zur Wahl stellen10.▶ to \stand on one's own two feet auf eigenen Füßen stehen▶ to not leave one stone \standing on another keinen Stein auf dem anderen lassen▶ it \stands to reason [that]... es ist logisch [o leuchtet ein], dass...III. TRANSITIVE VERB<stood, stood>▪ to \stand sth somewhere etw irgendwohin hinstellenshe stood the yardstick upright against the wall sie stellte den Messstab gegen die Wandto \stand sth on its head etw auf den Kopf stellen2. (refuse to be moved)to \stand one's ground wie angewurzelt stehen bleiben; (refuse to yield) standhaft bleiben3. (bear)▪ to not [be able to] \stand sth etw nicht ertragen könnenour tent won't \stand another storm unser Zelt wird keinen weiteren Sturm überstehenshe can't \stand anyone touching her sie kann es nicht leiden, wenn man sie anfasstto not be able to \stand the sight of sth den Anblick von etw dat nicht ertragen könnento \stand the test of time die Zeit überdauern4. (pay for)▪ to \stand sb sth jdm etw ausgeben [o spendieren]Catherine stood us all a drink Catherine lud uns alle zu einem Drink einto \stand bail for sb für jdn Kaution stellen [o Sicherheit leisten5. ( fam)to \stand a chance of doing sth gute Aussichten haben, etw zu tun6. LAW7.▶ to \stand sb in good stead jdm von Nutzen [o Vorteil] sein* * *[stnd] vb: pret, ptp stood1. nmy stand is that... — ich stehe auf dem Standpunkt, dass..., ich vertrete die Einstellung, dass...
to take a stand (on a matter) — (zu einer Angelegenheit) eine Einstellung vertreten
to make a stand (lit, fig) — sich widersetzen, Widerstand leisten
that was their last stand — das war ihr letztes Gefecht
3) (= taxi stand) Stand m5) (= furniture, lamp stand, music stand) Ständer m6) (= market stall etc) Stand m7) (= band stand) Podium nt9) (esp US FOREST) (Baum)bestand m2. vtSee:→ stead, head2) (= withstand) pressure, close examination etc (= object) standhalten (+dat); (person) gewachsen sein (+dat); test bestehen; climate vertragen; heat, noise ertragen, aushalten; loss, cost verkraften3) (inf: put up with) person, noise, interruptions etc aushaltenI can't stand being kept waiting —
4) (Brit inf= treat)
to stand sb a drink/a meal — jdm einen Drink/ein Essen spendieren5)3. vi1) (= be upright) stehen; (= get up) aufstehendon't just stand there(, do something)! — stehen Sie nicht nur( dumm) rum, tun Sie was! (inf)
we stood talking —
stand and deliver! (old, hum) — anhalten, her mit dem Zeug! (inf)
See:3) (= be situated) stehenit has stood there for 600 years — es steht da schon seit 600 Jahren
5)See:→ also stand for6) (= continue to be valid offer, argument, promise) gelten; (objection, contract) gültig bleiben; (decision, record, account) stehen8) (fig= be in a position)
we stand to lose/gain a lot — wir können sehr viel verlieren/gewinnenwhat do we stand to gain by it? — was springt für uns dabei heraus? (inf), was bringt uns (dat) das ein?
9) (fig= be placed)
how do we stand? — wie stehen wir?I'd like to know where I stand (with him) — ich möchte wissen, woran ich (bei ihm) bin
as it stands — so wie die Sache aussieht
to stand accused of sth — einer Sache (gen) angeklagt sein
10) (fig= be, continue to be)
to stand firm or fast — festbleibento stand ready —
to stand (as) security for sb — für jdn bürgen
11)* * *stand [stænd]A s1. a) Stehen nb) Stillstand m, Halt m2. a) (Stand)Platz m, Standort mb) fig Standpunkt m:take a stand Stellung beziehen (on zu);take a common stand einen gemeinsamen Standpunkt einnehmen3. fig Eintreten n:make a stand for sich einsetzen für4. a) (Zuschauer)Tribüne fb) Podium n5. JUR US Zeugenstand m:on the stand im Zeugenstand;a) den Zeugenstand betreten,b) als Zeuge aussagen6. WIRTSCH (Verkaufs-, Messe) Stand m7. Stand(platz) m (für Taxis)8. (Kleider-, Noten- etc) Ständer m9. Gestell n, Regal n10. a) Stativ nb) Stütze f11. (Baum)Bestand m12. AGR Stand m (des Getreides etc), (zu erwartende) Ernte:stand of wheat stehender WeizenB v/i prät und pperf stood [stʊd]1. a) allg stehen:as there were no seats left, we had to stand;don’t just stand there, help me! steh nicht herum, hilf mir!;on in dat)( → B 4);stand or fall by stehen und fallen mit;stand gasping keuchend dastehen;stand on one’s heada) einen Kopfstand machen, kopfstehen,b) fig (vor Freude etc) kopfstehen;stand on one’s hands einen Handstand machen;stand to lose (to win) (mit Sicherheit) verlieren (gewinnen);how are things standing? wie stehen die Dinge?;how do we stand in comparision to …? wie stehen wir im Vergleich zu …?;the wind stands in the west der Wind weht von Westen;stand well with sb mit jemandem gut stehen, sich mit jemandem gut stellen;leave sb (sth) standing Br umg jemanden (etwas) in den Schatten stellen; → attention 4, foot A 1, leg Bes Redewc) aufstehen3. sein:stand! halt!;stand fast! MIL Br stillgestanden!, US Abteilung halt! ( → B 1);stand still for US → C 75. bleiben:stand neutral, etc;and so it stands und dabei bleibt es6. sich stellen, treten:stand clear zurücktreten (of von);stand clear of auch den Eingang etc frei machen;stand on the defensive sich verteidigen;8. sich behaupten, bestehen ( beide:against gegen):stand through sth etwas überstehen oder -dauern9. fig festbleiben10. (weiterhin) gelten:my offer stands mein Angebot gilt nach wie vor oder bleibt bestehen;let sth stand etwas gelten oder bestehen bleiben lassenC v/t1. stellen (on auf akk):stand a plane on its nose FLUG einen Kopfstand machen;stand sth on its head fig etwas auf den Kopf stellen2. standhalten (dat), aushalten:he can’t stand the climate er kann das Klima nicht (v)ertragen;I couldn’t stand the pain ich konnte den Schmerz nicht aushalten oder ertragen;she couldn’t stand the pressure sie war dem Druck nicht gewachsen;I can’t stand him ich kann ihn nicht ausstehen oder leiden;I can’t stand being told ( oder people telling me) what to do ich kann es nicht ausstehen oder leiden, wenn man mir Vorschriften macht; → heat A 1 a, racket2 A 4, sight A 23. sich etwas gefallen lassen, dulden, ertragen:I won’t stand that any longer das lasse ich mir nicht länger bieten6. a) Pate stehen7. umga) aufkommen fürb) (jemandem) ein Essen etc spendieren:stand a drink einen ausgeben oder spendieren;8. eine Chance haben* * *1. intransitive verb,1) stehenstand in a line or row — sich in einer Reihe aufstellen; (be standing) in einer Reihe stehen
he stands six feet tall/the tree stands 30 feet high — er ist sechs Fuß groß/der Baum ist 30 Fuß hoch
3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)4) (hold good) bestehen bleibenmy offer/promise still stands — mein Angebot/Versprechen gilt nach wie vor
5) (find oneself, be)as it stands, as things stand — wie die Dinge [jetzt] liegen
the law as it stands — das bestehende od. gültige Recht
I'd like to know where I stand — (fig.) ich möchte wissen, wo ich dran bin
stand in need of something — einer Sache (Gen.) dringend bedürfen
6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)stand as a Liberal/Conservative — für die Liberalen/Konservativen kandidieren
stand for Parliament — (Brit.) für einen Parlamentssitz kandidieren
7)8) (place oneself) sich stellenstand in the way of something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) im Weg stehen
[not] stand in somebody's way — (fig.) jemandem [keine] Steine in den Weg legen
9) (be likely)2. transitive verb,stand to win or gain/lose something — etwas gewinnen/verlieren können
1) (set in position) stellenstand something on end/upside down — etwas hochkant/auf den Kopf stellen
2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]I can't stand the heat/noise — ich halte die Hitze/den Lärm nicht aus
I cannot stand [the sight of] him/her — ich kann ihn/sie nicht ausstehen
he can't stand the pressure/strain/stress — er ist dem Druck/den Strapazen/dem Stress nicht gewachsen
I can't stand it any longer! — ich halte es nicht mehr aus!; see also time 1. 1)
3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)stand trial [for something] — [wegen etwas] vor Gericht stehen
4) (buy)3. nounstand somebody something — jemandem etwas ausgeben od. spendieren (ugs.)
1) (support) Ständer, der2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die4) (resistance) Widerstand, dertake or make a stand — (fig.) klar Stellung beziehen (for/against/on für/gegen/zu)
5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, derPhrasal Verbs:- stand by- stand in- stand up* * *(microphone) n.Stativ -e n. n.Gestell -e n.Stand ¨-e m.Ständer - m. (one's) trial expr.sich vor Gericht verantworten ausdr. (up) for expr.eintreten für ausdr. (to tolerate) v.ertragen prät. v.(§ p.,p.p.: stood)= andauern v.stehen v.(§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden) -
11 Nazarro, Ray
1902-1986Nacido en Boston, a Ray Nazarro se le asocia con dos criterios: Columbia Films, para la que hizo la mayor parte de sus peliculas, y rapidez, la que demostro entre 1945 y 1958, tiempo en que dirigio ochenta filmes, a un ritmo que en algunas temporadas supero el de uno al mes. A pesar de todo, sus westerns, que lo fueron la mayoria de sus peliculas, no resultaron nada desdenables por termino medio, mostrando una notable habilidad para desarrollar los argumentos que se le encomendaban, virtud que se agudiza en algunas de sus producciones de los anos 50. Aunque su primer largometraje es Outlaws of the Rockies, ya habia dirigido en 1932, en este caso peliculas de corta duracion. Termina su carrera en Europa.Outlaws of the Rockies. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carole Mathews, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.Song of the Prairie. 1945. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, June Storey.Texas Panhandle. 1945. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nanette Parks, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.Roaring Rangers. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.Throw a Saddle on a Star. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Adelle Roberts.Gunning for Vengeance. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Phyllis Adair, Smiley Burnette.Galloping Thunder. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.That Texas Jamboree. 1946. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.Two-Fisted Stranger. 1946. 50 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.The Desert Horseman. 1946. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.Cowboy Blues. 1946. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.Heading West. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.Singing on the Trail. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Rita Hayworth.Terror Trail. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Barbara Pepper, Smiley Burnette.Lone Star Moonlight. 1946. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Joan Barton, Guy Kibbee, Claudia Drake.Over the Santa Fe Trail. 1947. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Jennifer Holt, Guinn Williams, Guy Kibbee.The Lone Hand Texan. 1947. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Mary Newton.West of Dodge City. 1947. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Law of the Canyon. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Buckaroo from Powder River. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Eve Miller, Smiley Burnette.Last Days of Boot Hill. 1947. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.Six-Gun Law. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Phantom Valley. 1948. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.West of Sonora. 1948. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Anita Castle, Smiley Burnette.Song of Idaho. 1948. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, June Vincent.Blazing Across the Pecos. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Patricia White, Smiley Burnette.Trail to Laredo. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Maxey, Smiley Burnette.Singin’ Spurs. 1948. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, Jay Silverheels, Patricia Knox.El Dorado Pass. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Elena Verdugo, Smiley Burnette.Quick of the Trigger. 1948. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Helen Parrish, Smiley Burnette.Smoky Mountain Melody. 1948. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Guinn Williams, Sybil Merritt.Challenge of the Range. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Paula Raymond, Smiley Burnette.Home in San Antone. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Jacqueline Thomas.Arkansas Swing. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Gloria Henry, Ken Triesch, Paul Triesch.Laramie. 1949. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Marjorie Stapp.The Blazing Trail. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Marjorie Stapp, Smiley Burnette.South of Death Valley. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.Bandits of El Dorado. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Renegades of the Sage. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Leslie Banning, Smiley Burnette.Trail of the Rustlers. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.The Palomino. 19450. 73 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Jerome Courtland, Beverly Tyler.Outcasts of Black Mesa. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Martha Hyer, Smiley Burnette.Texas Dynamo. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.Hoedown. 1950. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Eddy Arnold, Jock Mahoney, Carolina Cotton.Streets of Ghost Town. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Mary Ellen Kay, Smiley Burnette.Frontier Outpost. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.Al Jennings of Oklahoma. 1951. 79 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Dan Duryea, Gale Storm, Dick Foran.Fort Savage Raiders. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Cyclone Fury. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.The Kid from Amarillo. 1951. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Indian Uprising. 1952. 75 minutos. Supercinecolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Audrey Long.Laramie Mountains. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Montana Territory. 1952. 64 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Lon McCallister, Preston Foster, Wanda Hendrix.The Rough Tough West. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carolina Cotton, Smiley Burnette.Cripple Creek. 1952. 78 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Karin Booth, Richard Egan.Junction City. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kathleen Case, Smiley Burnette.Kansas Pacific. 1953. 73 minutos. Cinecolor. Allied. Sterling Hayden, Eve Miller, Barton MacLane.Gun Belt. 1953. 77 minutos. Technicolor. Global (UA). George Montgo mery, Tab Hunter, Helen Westcott.The Lone Gun. 1954. 73 minutos. Color Corp. of America. Superior Talking (UA). George Montgomery, Dorothy Malone.Southwest Passage (Travesia del desierto). 1954. 82 minutos. Pathe color. 3-D. Small (UA). John Ireland, Joanne Dru, Rod Cameron.The Black Dakotas. 1954. 65 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Gary Merrill, Wanda Hendrix, John Bromfield.Top Gun. 1955. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Sterling Hayden, William Bishop, Karen Booth.The White Squaw. 1956. 73 minutos, Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). David Brian, May Wynn.The Phantom Stagecoach. 1957. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). William Bishop, Kathleen Crowley.The Hired Gun. 1957. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. CinemaScope. Rorvic (MGM). Rory Calhoun, Anne Francis.Domino Kid. 1957. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, Kristine Miller.Return to Warbow. 1958. 67 minutos. Technicolor. Screem Gems (Colum bia). Philip Carey, Catherine McLeod.Apache Territory. 1958. 75 minutos. Technicolor. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, John Dehner, Barbara Bates. -
12 Brindley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. 1716 Tunstead, Derbyshire, Englandd. 27 September 1772 Turnhurst, Staffordshire, England[br]English canal engineer.[br]Born in a remote area and with no material advantages, Brindley followed casual rural labouring occupations until 1733, when he became apprenticed to Abraham Bennett of Macclesfield, a wheelwright and millwright. Though lacking basic education in reading and writing, he demonstrated his ability, partly through his photographic memory, to solve practical problems. This established his reputation, and after Bennett's death in 1742 he set up his own business at Leek as a millwright. His skill led to an invitation to solve the problem of mine drainage at Wet Earth Colliery, Clifton, near Manchester. He tunnelled 600 ft (183 m) through rock to provide a leat for driving a water-powered pump.Following work done on a pump on Earl Gower's estate at Trentham, Brindley's name was suggested as the engineer for the proposed canal for which the Duke of Bridge water (Francis Egerton) had obtained an Act in 1759. The Earl and the Duke were brothers-in-law, and the agents for the two estates were, in turn, the Gilbert brothers. The canal, later known as the Bridgewater Canal, was to be constructed to carry coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley into Manchester. Brindley advised on the details of its construction and recommended that it be carried across the river Irwell at Barton by means of an aqueduct. His proposals were accepted, and under his supervision the canal was constructed on a single level and opened in 1761. Brindley had also surveyed for Earl Gower a canal from the Potteries to Liverpool to carry pottery for export, and the signal success of the Bridgewater Canal ensured that the Trent and Mersey Canal would also be built. These undertakings were the start of Brindley's career as a canal engineer, and it was largely from his concepts that the canal system of the Midlands developed, following the natural contours rather than making cuttings and constructing large embankments. His canals are thus winding navigations unlike the later straight waterways, which were much easier to traverse. He also adopted the 7 ft (2.13 m) wide lock as a ruling dimension for all engineering features. For cheapness, he formed his canal tunnels without a towpath, which led to the notorious practice of legging the boats through the tunnels.Brindley surveyed a large number of projects and such was his reputation that virtually every proposal was submitted to him for his opinion. Included among these projects were the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Rochdale, the Birmingham network, the Droitwich, the Coventry and the Oxford canals. Although he was nominally in charge of each contract, much of the work was carried out by his assistants while he rushed from one undertaking to another to ensure that his orders were being carried out. He was nearly 50 when he married Anne Henshall, whose brother was also a canal engineer. His fees and salaries had made him very wealthy. He died in 1772 from a chill sustained when carrying out a survey of the Caldon Canal.[br]Further ReadingA.G.Banks and R.B.Schofield, 1968, Brindley at Wet Earth Colliery: An Engineering Study, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.S.E.Buckley, 1948, James Brindley, London: Harrap.JHB -
13 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
14 получать
(= получить, см. также доказывать, обосновывать, устанавливать) get, obtain, receive, derive, deduce• Антенна используется для того, чтобы получать сигналы. - An antenna is used to receive the signal.• Более удобные формы решения были получены Смитом [1]. - More convenient forms of solution have been obtained by Smith [1].• Вот почему мы смогли получить... - This is why we were able to obtain...• Вычислив коэффициенты, мы можем получить... - Having calculated the coefficients, we can obtain...• Д-р Смит получил премию Джонса в конце июня. - Dr. Smith received the Jones Award in late June.• Давайте использовать это решение, чтобы получить... - Let us use this solution to obtain...• Далее, мы можем получить полезную информацию, изучая... - We can then obtain useful information by studying...• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...• Действуя аналогично, получаем, что... - By a similar procedure, it follows that...• Для обозначенной ориентации мы получаем... - For the orientation shown, we have...• До тех пор, пока не..., этот вопрос не получил ответа. - The question remained unanswered until...• Дополнительную информацию можно часто получить из... - Additional information can often be obtained from...• Ему удалось получить уравнение... - Не succeeded in obtaining the equation of...• Затем мы получим явные выражения для... - We next obtain explicit expressions for...• Из второго равенства мы получаем... - From the second equality, we have...• Легко получаем, что... - It follows without difficulty that...• Можно получить явное выражение для... - It is possible to obtain an explicit expression for...• Мы могли бы получить еще другую форму (чего-л). - We may obtain yet another form of...• Мы могли бы получить этот же результат более просто, заметив, что... - We could have obtained this result more easily by noting that...• Мы можем получить данный результат следующим образом. - We can obtain the result as follows.• Мы можем получить то же самое заключение другим способом в случае, когда... - We can reach the same conclusion in another way for the case of...• Мы надеемся получить теорему о... - We hope to obtain a theorem regarding...; We hope to establish a theorem regarding...• Мы снова получили... - Again we have obtained...• Мы также можем получить выражение для... - We can also obtain an expression for...• На этом пути мы можем получить (вывести и т. п.).. - In this way we can arrive at...• Невозможно получить полное понимание... без основополагающих знаний... - It is impossible to gain a thorough knowledge of... without a basic knowledge of...• Некоторое понимание причины такого поведения можно получить (проделывая и т. п.)... - Some insight into the reason for this behavior can be gained by...• Оставляя этот случай в стороне, получаем, что... - Leaving this case out of consideration, it follows that...• Очевидно, что мы не можем получить никакой ошибки из... - Obviously no error can result from...• Подставляя (1) в уравнение (2), мы получаем... - Substituting (1) into (2), we obtain...• Полагая у - х, мы получаем... - Setting у = х, we obtain...• Получим теперь решение... - We shall now derive a solution of...• Пользуясь вторым законом Ньютона, мы получаем... - By Newton's second law, we have...• Прекрасное совпадение с экспериментальными данными обычно можно получить... - An excellent fit to experimental data can usually be obtained by...• Преобразуя подобным образом остальные члены, мы получаем... - Transforming the remaining terms in a similar manner, we obtain...• Простое и прямое доказательство может получить (применением и т. п.)... - A simple and direct proof can be obtained by...• Решения этих уравнений можно получить графически (с помощью и т. п.)... - Solutions to these equations can be obtained graphically by...• Сначала мы получим... - Initially, we will obtain...• Таким образом, мы получаем выражения... - In this way we obtain the expressions...• Теперь мы получаем возможность... - This raises the possibility that...• Теперь мы получили желаемый результат. - We now have the desired result.• Теперь мы получим альтернативное выражение для... - We now obtain an alternative expression for...• Теперь мы получим полезный критерий для... - We now obtain a useful criterion for...• Теперь нам будет достаточно получить... - Here we shall be satisfied to obtain...• Тот же самый результат можно получить простым (вычислением и т. п.)... - The same result may be obtained by simply...• Точные решения уравнения (1) можно получить в терминах известных функций, когда... - Exact solutions to (1) can be obtained in terms of known functions when...• Трудно получить относительно чистый образец данного материала. - It is difficult to obtain a relatively pure sample of the material.• Чтобы получить (2.2), отметим, что... - То obtain (2.2), we note that...• Чтобы получить необходимый результат, мы... - То obtain the required result, let...• Чтобы получить неявное выражение для f(x) предположим, что... - То obtain an explicit expression for fix), suppose that...• Чтобы получить практический результат в подобных случаях, мы... - То obtain a practical result in such cases, we...• Чтобы получить удовлетворительную теорию, мы обязаны... - То obtain a satisfactory theory it is necessary to...• Эти идеи получают немедленно приложение к/в... - These ideas have immediate application in...• Эти методы получают своих сторонников, так как... - These methods attract proponents because...• Эти результаты, очевидно, получают значительно большее значение, когда... - These matters are clearly of much greater importance when...• Это можно получить следующим образом. - This can be obtained as follows.• Это решение можно получить наиболее просто, используя... - The solution is most readily obtained by the use of...• Это соотношение можно также получить, исходя из теории электромагнетизма. - This relation can also be obtained from the theory of electromagnetism.• Этот же результат можно получить другим способом. - It is possible to obtain this result in a different way.• Этот результат можно было бы получить более легко, увидев, что... - This result could have been obtained more easily by recognizing that...• Этот результат также можно было бы получить, применяя... - This result may also be obtained by means of... -
15 break
I [breɪk] 1. гл.; прош. вр. broke, прич. прош. вр. broken1)а) ломать, разбивать ( на части); разрушатьHe fell through the window, breaking the glass. — Он выпал из окна, разбив стекло.
Once you've broken the seal of a bottle there's no way you can put it back together again. — Если ты сломал печать на бутылке, то её уже не склеишь обратно.
The police broke the door down. — Полицейские вышибли дверь.
In spring the ice on the Great Lakes breaks up. — Весной лёд на Великих озёрах вскрывается.
The men in the garage will break up the old cars for their parts. — Парни в гараже разберут старые машины на части.
Syn:б) разламываться, разрушаться; разбиватьсяThe plane broke into three pieces. — Самолёт разломился на три части.
The only sound was the crackle of breaking ice. — Только и было слышно, как ломается лёд.
The wing of the plane broke off in mid-air and the plane crashed. — У самолёта в воздухе отвалилось крыло, и он разбился.
We had to break the door out to escape from the fire. — Нам пришлось выломать дверь, чтобы выбраться из огня.
2) вызывать перелом ( частей тела)I broke my leg skiing. — Катаясь на лыжах, я сломал ногу.
Syn:3)а) ломать, повреждать, выводить из строя, приводить в негодностьI broke my watch. — Я сломал часы.
Syn:б) = break down ломаться, выходить из строя, переставать работатьThe TV set is broken again. — Телевизор снова сломался.
The washing machine seems to have broken down again. — Стиральная машина, кажется, опять вышла из строя.
Syn:be inoperative, work improperly, become useless, conk out 1), cut out, give out 5), kick off 5), pack up 3)4)а) нарушать (порядок, единообразие, непрерывность)A scream broke the silence. — Крик нарушил тишину.
б) нарушать, преступать ( закон)We didn't know we were breaking the law. — А мы и не знали, что нарушаем закон.
I hate to break my promise. — Я ненавижу нарушать обещания.
Syn:5)а) = break out разразиться; начаться внезапно, бурноWhen the storm breaks, run for the house. — Когда начнётся гроза, бегите в дом.
He resigned from his post as Bishop when the scandal broke. — Когда разразился скандал, он сам отказался от епископства.
Fire broke out in the hospital last night. — Пожар вспыхнул в больнице вчера вечером.
Syn:б) ( break (out) in(to)) внезапно начать делать (что-л.)The audience broke into applause. — Аудитория взорвалась аплодисментами.
Mary broke into laughter. — Мэри расхохоталась.
Her face broke into a smile. — Её лицо расплылось в улыбке.
The men broke into a run. — Мужчины бросились бежать.
As I grew more afraid, I broke into a cold sweat. — Мне стало ещё страшнее, я покрылся холодным по́том.
Jane broke out in spots. — Джейн покрылась прыщиками.
Syn:burst 2. 3)6) сделать бросок, рывок7) ( break into)а) вламываться; вскрывать (что-л.)This box looks as if it's been broken into. — Кажется, эту коробку вскрывали.
б) начинать тратить (деньги, сбережения)I shall have to break into my savings to pay for the holiday. — Мне придётся залезть в мои сбережения, чтобы оплатить отпуск.
Syn:9)а) признавать недействительным, аннулировать в судебном порядкеб) опровергнуть (что-л.); найти изъян (в чём-л.)The FBI broke his alibi. — ФБР доказало ложность его алиби.
10) ( break over)а) разбиваться, перекатываться через (что-л.; обычно о воде)a dangerous stretch of water where the waves break over a submerged reef of rocks — опасная полоса воды, где волны перекатываются через подводные рифы
б) разразиться над (кем-л.; о внезапном и сильном звуке)The young singer was pleasantly surprised when waves of cheering broke over her at the end of her performance. — Молодая певица была приятно удивлена, когда в конце концерта её приветствовали бурей оваций.
11)а) прорывать, преодолевать; идти на прорыв; разрывать; пронизыватьThe stone broke the surface of the water. — Камень пронзил поверхность воды.
б) прорываться; вскрываться ( о нарыве)to break jail, to break out of jail — убежать, вырваться из тюрьмы
A cry broke from his lips. — Крик сорвался с его уст.
12) прокладывать ( путь)to break new ground — открыть новое поле деятельности; быть новатором; сказать новое слово
Newton broke new ground in science. — Ньютон сказал новое слово в науке.
Lisa broke new ground for women. — Лиза открыла новое поле деятельности для женщин.
13) временно прекращать; делать остановку, перерывThey broke for lunch. — У них перерыв на обед.
14) = break offа) прекращать, прерывать ( переговоры)The union broke off negotiations and called a strike. — Профсоюзы прервали переговоры и призвали к забастовке.
б) рвать, разрывать ( отношения)He was once a close adviser to Wales, but broke with him last year. — Когда-то он был первым советником у Уэлса, но ушёл от него год назад.
•Syn:16) прерываться ( о голосе)Godfrey's voice broke and halted. — Голос Годфри прервался, и он замолчал.
17) сломить (дух, волю)He never let his jailers break him. — Он не позволил тюремщикам сломить его.
18) = break inа) дрессировать, укрощать; объезжать, приучать к поводьям ( о лошади)Mustangs must be broken before they can be ridden. — Прежде чем ездить на мустангах, их надо приучить к поводьям.
When horses are about six months old, they have to be broken in. — Когда жеребятам исполняется полгода, их надо начинать объезжать.
Syn:б) приучать (к чему-л.), дисциплинироватьTwo weeks in the new office should be enough to break you in. — Две недели на новом месте - и вы привыкнете к вашей работе.
19)а) ( break of) избавлять, отучать ( от дурной привычки)The professor hoped to break the students of the habit of looking for easy answers. — Учитель надеялся отучить учеников от привычки искать простые ответы.
Syn:б) ( break oneself of) избавляться, отучатьсяYou must break yourself of the cigarette habit. — Ты должен избавиться от привычки курить.
Syn:20) ослаблять, уменьшатьThe net broke the acrobat's fall. — Сеть уменьшила силу падения гимнаста.
His arm broke the blow. — Его рука ослабила силу удара.
Syn:21) уменьшаться; рассеиваться, расступаться, расходиться (о тумане, облаках)22)а) сообщать, объявлятьThen Louise broke the news that she was leaving me. — И тогда Луиза сказала мне, что уходит от меня.
Syn:б) выпускать в свет, публиковать, передавать по радио или телевидениюSyn:23) объяснить, найти решение, распутать; взломать (код, шифр)24) разг. разменивать ( деньги)They broke a dining room set by buying a chair. — Они нарушили единый стиль, докупив к столовому гарнитуру ещё один стул.
26)а) разорятьPaying for the house will just about break me. — Плата за дом практически разорит меня.
Syn:б) разорятьсяSyn:28)а) приводить к внезапному понижению цены, объёма продажNews likely to break the market sharply. — Это сообщение, вероятно, приведёт к резкому понижению цен на рынке.
29) превосходить, превышать; побить ( рекорд)Carl Lewis has broken the world record in the 100 metres. — Карл Льюис побил мировой рекорд в беге на сто метров.
This winter broke the record for snowfall. — По количеству снега зима побила все рекорды.
Syn:30) спорт. освободиться от захвата ( в боксе)31) вскапывать ( землю)32) текст. мять, трепать33) лингв. переходить в дифтонг•- break back
- break down
- break in
- break out
- break through
- break up••to break bread — делить пищу, есть вместе (с кем-л.)
to break into smb.'s time — отнять у кого-л. время
- break even- break loose
- break short 2. сущ.1) ломание, раскалывание, разбиваниеWe heard the break and saw the glass fall out of the window. — Мы услышали звук раскалывающегося стекла и увидели, как оно вылетело из окна.
Syn:2) отверстие, дыра; пролом; трещинаWater seeped through the break in the basement wall. — Вода просочилась через трещину в цоколе.
Syn:3) бросок, рывокSyn:4) побегSyn:5) мед. переломbreak of day / of morn — рассвет
7) почка, побегSecure the plants well at the top break. — Укрепи хорошенько верхние побеги растений.
8) перерыв, пауза, интервал; перемена ( в школе)Let's take a short break for lunch. — Давайте сделаем короткий перерыв на завтрак.
Syn:9) пауза ( в разговоре), цезура ( в стихах)10) муз. брейк (короткая сольная импровизационная вставка, прерывающая звучание ансамбля)11) разрыв, раскол ( отношений)to make a break with smb. — порвать с кем-л.
14) разг. благоприятная возможность, счастливый случай, шанс; переломный / поворотный момент, прорывlucky break — удача, счастливый случай
big break — уникальный шанс, возможность, которую ни в коем случае нельзя упускать
The actress's big break came when she substituted for the ailing star. — Поворотным в карьере актрисы стал случай, когда ей пришлось заменить заболевшую звезду.
Syn:15) спорт.б) число выигранных в результате серии удачных ударов очков (в бильярде, крокете)17) амер. внезапное падение цен18) амер.; разг.а) нарушение приличий; неуместное замечаниеб) обмолвка, ошибка, неправильный поступокSyn:19) отклонение от нормального развития, мутация20) спорт. прекращение боя при захвате ( в боксе)Syn:22) льгота24) геол. разрыв; сдвиг; малый сбросSyn:25) хим. расслоение жидкости••- give smb. a break II [breɪk] сущ.1) большая рама ( на двух или четырёх колесах), используемая для объездки молодых лошадейSyn: -
16 Booth, Henry
[br]b. 4 April 1789 Liverpool, Englandd. 28 March 1869 Liverpool, England[br]English railway administrator and inventor.[br]Booth followed his father as a Liverpool corn merchant but had great mechanical aptitude. In 1824 he joined the committee for the proposed Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) and after the company obtained its Act of Parliament in 1826 he was appointed Treasurer.In 1829 the L \& MR announced a prize competition, the Rainhill Trials, for an improved steam locomotive: Booth, realizing that the power of a locomotive depended largely upon its capacity to raise steam, had the idea that this could be maximized by passing burning gases from the fire through the boiler in many small tubes to increase the heating surface, rather than in one large one, as was then the practice. He was apparently unaware of work on this type of boiler even then being done by Marc Seguin, and the 1791 American patent by John Stevens. Booth discussed his idea with George Stephenson, and a boiler of this type was incorporated into the locomotive Rocket, which was built by Robert Stephenson and entered in the Trials by Booth and the two Stephensons in partnership. The boiler enabled Rocket to do all that was required in the trials, and far more: it became the prototype for all subsequent conventional locomotive boilers.After the L \& MR opened in 1830, Booth as Treasurer became in effect the general superintendent and was later General Manager. He invented screw couplings for use with sprung buffers. When the L \& MR was absorbed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1845 he became Secretary of the latter, and when, later the same year, that in turn amalgamated with the London \& Birmingham Railway (L \& BR) to form the London \& North Western Railway (L \& NWR), he became joint Secretary with Richard Creed from the L \& BR.Earlier, completion in 1838 of the railway from London to Liverpool had brought problems with regard to local times. Towns then kept their own time according to their longitude: Birmingham time, for instance, was 7¼ minutes later than London time. This caused difficulties in railway operation, so Booth prepared a petition to Parliament on behalf of the L \& MR that London time should be used throughout the country, and in 1847 the L \& NWR, with other principal railways and the Post Office, adopted Greenwich time. It was only in 1880, however, that the arrangement was made law by Act of Parliament.[br]Bibliography1835. British patent no. 6,814 (grease lubricants for axleboxes). 1836. British patent no. 6,989 (screw couplings).Booth also wrote several pamphlets on railways, uniformity of time, and political matters.Further ReadingH.Booth, 1980, Henry Booth, Ilfracombe: Arthur H.Stockwell (a good full-length biography, the author being the great-great-nephew of his subject; with bibliography).R.E.Carlson, 1969, The Liverpool \& Manchester Railway Project 1821–1831, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
17 Strutt, Jedediah
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 July 1726 South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, Englandd. 7 May 1797 Derby, England[br]English inventor of a machine for making ribbed knitting.[br]Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.[br]Bibliography1758. British patent no. 722 (Derby rib machine). 1759. British patent no. 734 (Derby rib machine).Further ReadingFor the involvement of Strutt in Arkwright's spinning ventures, there are two books, the earlier of which is R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester, which has most of the details about Strutt's life. This has been followed by R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for a general background to the textile industry of the period).W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (covers Strutt's knitting inventions).RLH
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